Symposium : A
Carbon dioxide a raw material for sustainable development
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| OPENING SESSION: European challenge for EEC in sustainable development : tba | ||
| 14:00 | Importance for Europe of a cleaner energy mix Authors : R. Linkohr, Former President Centre for European Energy Strategy / Former member of the European Parliament Resume : ... | OP 1 |
| 14:20 | Energy from coal in the European set plan Authors : Krzysztof Kurzydlowski Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Materials Science & Eng. Warsaw - Poland Resume : ... | OP 2 |
| 14:45 | European collaboration for clean coal technology Authors : Marc Bondiou Attaché pour la science et la technologie Service de coopération et d'action culturelle Ambassade de France Warsaw - Poland Resume : ... | OP 3 |
| 15:00 | General recommendations for a sustainable European development in agreement with the European set plan Authors : Paul Siffert E-MRS - Strasbourg, France Resume : ... | OP 4 |
| 15:15 | Objectives and motivation of this symposium: carbon dioxide, a raw material for energy storage Authors : Jacques Amouroux, ENSCP / UPMC, Paris, France Resume : ... | OP 5 |
| 15:45 | Carbon dioxide, the feedstock for using renewable energy Authors : Koji Hashimoto, Naokazu Kumagai*, Koichi Izumiya* and Zenta Kato Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, 982-8577 Japan *Daiki Ataka Engineering Co. Ltd., Kashiwa, Chiba, 227-8515 Japan Resume : According to the data on the Web site of the United States, Department of Energy, if we share the world energy consumption in 2006 among world’s population, the developing countries will be allowed to consume twice amount of energy. In contrast, developed countries should cut in 1/3, but it is impossible. Thus, the increase in world energy consumption will continue.
The world energy consumption increased by a factor of 1.01818 every year in 1990-2007. If we assume this increasing factor in the future, the supply of fuels following the history of consumption of individual fuels will lead to complete exhaustion of the world petroleum reserves by 2040. If we supply the demand with remaining fuels after 2040, natural gas, uranium and coal reserves will be completely exhausted by 2042, 2049 and 2054, respectively. Complete exhaustion of world fossil fuels will induce intolerable global warming. In order to avoid a situation of no fuels and intolerable warming, we have to establish immediately the technology for the use of renewable energy by the world’s population.
We have the technology to generate electricity from renewable energy, but the electricity fluctuates. Direct use of fluctuating power cannot operate our precision industries. Thus, fluctuating power should be converted to fuels for which efficient infrastructures of transportation and combustion have been distributed in the whole world.
We will convert the fluctuating electricity to hydrogen by water electrolysis. Hydrogen with no infrastructures for transportation and combustion will be converted to methane, that is the same as purified natural gas, by the reaction with carbon dioxide. Thus, carbon dioxide is only the carbon source for formation of organic fuel from renewable energy. | OP 6 |
| 16:15 | Applications of CO2 in catalysis and surface science Authors : Janusz Ryczkowski University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland janusz.ryczkowski@umcs.eu Resume : Carbon dioxide is a cheap, nontoxic and abundant C1 feedstock and its chemical utilization is a challenge and important topic.
Increasing amounts of low-cost and relatively pure CO2 will be soon available from current and planned plants for carbon sequestration and storage. Therefore, CO2 will be a feedstock of nearly zero cost for conversion to fuels and chemicals, in addition to the many benefits in terms of positive image for companies, which will adopt politics of reduction of CO2 emissions. Catalysis will play a key role in those activities.
Some of the opportunities for companies developing research and development activities for conversion of carbon dioxide to fuel and chemicals, or use of CO2 in chemical processes can be summarized as follows:
- development of innovative processes and products using a feedstock of low value, and
possible gain market share,
- development of safer chemicals,
- possible CO2 chemical recycling using renewable resources,
- production of liquid fuels from CO2 which integrate within the existing infrastructure and
having a higher energy density and easier transport/storage than competing solutions,
- use of a nontoxic, noncorrosive, and nonflammable reactant, which can be easily stored in
liquid form under mild pressure,
- decrease in costs for CO2 disposal or emission reduction credits,
- improvement of the public image for their contribution in converting a greenhouse gas onto
valuable chemicals or fuels,
It is known that hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons is possible, but requires much higher consumption of H2 and therefore is less interesting. Conversion of CO2 to other oxygenates such as ethanol and dimethyl ether is attracting, but further development in the catalysts is necessary. There is large interest on the conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid, but a conditioning factor is the availability of efficient technologies to use formic acid as energy carrier, as well as the toxic character of formic acid. Dry reforming of methane with CO2 is a known technology. Trireforming is an extension of the concept to operate autothermically and with the advantage of not requiring a pure CO2 stream to operate.
On the other hand CO2 is very often used as a probe molecule in surface characterization which is of grate importance in basic research. As the type of probe molecule chosen will influence the obtained characteristics of the probed solid, and will therefore also affect the structure–activity relationship derived. | OP 7 |
| 16:40 | Coffee break | |
| Catalytic materials for production of fuels from CO2 (PART.I) : tba | ||
| 16:55 | Carbon dioxide reforming with coal – a new way for CO2 utilization Authors : Zinfer R. Ismagilov*, Vadim V.Kuznetsov, Ilyas Z. Ismagilov Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia Resume : One of prospective ways of CO2 utilization to valuable products is CO2 reforming with carbon. An interest to this reaction is caused by two reasons: (1) the reaction of CO2 with carbon and coke plays a significant role in metallurgical coke production process and in its quality control for optimal use in the blast-furnace process; (2) the reaction of CO2 with fossil coal is attractive for the utilization of CO2 emissions from coal firing power plants. Pure CO formed in this reaction can be processed by catalytic technologies for production of variety of chemicals and liquid fuels. Modern metallurgical plants require very high quality indexes of blast-furnace coke (CRI < 30%; CRS > 60%). There are different methods of improvement of these indexes including treatment of coke by aqueous solutions of alkaline metal borates, surface active agents etc. However, the modifications of coke by transition metal additives, which can play a role of catalysts of the reaction, are very attractive. The interaction of CO2 with coke, catalytic nature of metal additives and coke char require advanced investigations of reaction kinetics, texture and morphology of solid reagents and reaction products. | I 1 |
| 17:25 | Carbon dioxide methanation with Ni/ceria-zirconia catalyst Authors : A.C. Roger, A. Kiennemann, F. Ocampo, B Louis LMSPC-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, France Resume : Carbon dioxide methanation was carried out over a series of Ni-CexZr(1-x)O2 catalysts prepared by a pseudo sol-gel method. The influence of CeO2/ZrO2 ratio and noble metal addition was investigated. The catalysts were sunsequently characteriezd by means of XRD, BET, TPR, H2-TPD and SEM-EDX. The modification of structural and redox properties of these materials was evaluated in relation with their catalytic performances. The impact of the pre-treatment and the gas hourly space velocity were first studied. Ni° dispersion and part of its incorporation into the mixed oxide lattice obviously increased the activity and stability of the catalysts. All catalysts gave impressive CO2 conversion and extremely high selectivity to methane (superior to 98 %). As-synthesized material having a CeO2/ZrO2 = 60/40 exhibited the highest catalytic activity, owing to an optimal Ni2+/Ni° ratio. The addition of noble metal (rhodium, ruthenium) led to higher Ni dispersion and helped the reducibility of the oxide support, resulting in a raise of both activity and catalyst lifetime. | I 2 |
| 17:50 | Carbon dioxide reduction by non-equilibrium electrocatalysis plasma reactor Authors : J. Amouroux(1), S. Cavadias(1), A. Doubla(2) (1) LGPPTS- ENSCP/UPMC 11 rue P. t M. Curie 75231 Paris cedex 05, France (2) Laboratoire de Chimie Minérale, Université de Yaoundé I, BP 812, Cameroun Resume : One possible approach for changing the carbon dioxide problem into an advantage is to consider it as a raw material for the production of liquid fuels. This conversion seems the best strategy for carbon dioxide management but also for the storage of energy coming from continuous sources (nuclear) and discontinuous sources (photovoltaic, wind power…).
A potentially practical way for storage is by converting the electrical energy into chemical energy. One popular approach is to produce decarbonated hydrogen, which could then be used in fuel cells, but the best way to transport hydrogen and store it is to produce liquid fuels, such as gasoline or methanol, which contain far more energy by volume than hydrogen does.
The most studied ways related to CO2 reduction, with formation of molecules such as CH3OH or syngas, is the reaction with H2 or CH4 at a high pressure and temperature with the use of a catalyst.
Another promising technology is plasma driven catalysis because it allows a lower optimal working temperature for the catalyst.
The combination of heterogeneous catalysis with non-thermal plasma can increase the energy efficiency as the reactions resulting from electron-molecules collisions take place at ambient temperature. Electrons produced by the electrical discharge with CO2 and H2, lead to their activation through their vibrational excitation but also dissociation or ionization.
As the main function of catalyst is the activation of the reactants generally obtained at high temperature, the association of non-thermal plasma diminish this temperature. The result is an increase of energy efficiency because it takes place at lower temperature but also an increase of lifetime of the catalyst.
Another advantage is that plasma can affect catalyst properties such as chemical composition or catalytic structure. The catalyst can be introduced in the discharge region or the post-discharge of the reactor. When is introduced in the discharge zone as packed bed (powder or granulates) discharge is present in the interparticulate space and even in pores of the granulate. So the active species are formed in the whole catalyst. Moreover the UV light produced in the non-thermal discharge forms electron-hole pairs leading in a high mobility of oxygen in the type n semiconductors like TiO2, WO3 or ZnO. The “labile oxygen” can react with vibrationally excited by low energy electron-molecule. The constant of the reaction N2(v) + O NO + N is 10 to 100 times greater for v=1,2,3 compared to v=0 (ground state).
Hydrogen molecules, as any diatomic molecules, show the same behaviour when react with atoms in gas phase (work of Polanyi Nobel price 1986) or when are adsorbed in solid surfaces (work of Wolken).
Polyatomic molecules show similar behaviour but vibrational excitation –due to electron collision – on a bond is shared with the other bonds, limiting thus the amplitude of the excitation. However this excitation can greatly contribute in the activation of molecules.
Indeed, while the dissociation of methane on a catalyst needs temperatures as high as 800°C, with an initial activation by plasma, dissociation occurs at lower temperatures (500°C).
In the case of CO2 reduction, the association of electrocatalytic plasma reactors and catalysts can enhance dramatically its conversion. At 100°C this conversion with only a catalyst, is 0%, with plasma is 12% and with plasma+catalyst is 14%.
Our goal is to present the first international work in that field and our primary results in the way of specific chemical mechanisms | I 3 |
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